Organic vs. Conventional Grown Food Flavor Essay

Ever wonder what truly goes in to the food that is produced and sold in our grocery stores. You would be surprised as to what is used to grow the food we eat. Conventionally grown foods can use trace amount of nicotine and arsenic to keep food pest free. Conventionally grown food can be pumped with hormones that allow the crops and animals to grow larger or produce more fruit and vegetables. By using all of the artificial products in conventionally grown food we change the flavor, size and color of fruit, vegetables and animals, including their byproducts. People may not realize what is used to grow these huge vegetables and chicken breasts. Organically grown food is not only tastier but also has more health benefits when compared to conventionally grown food. We will discover the benefits and disadvantages to both organic and conventionally grown food. This will provide the reader with tools to make a decision on to whether to use organic or conventionally grown food. In order for food to be called organic, it must be grown without the use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides. Although organic foods carry very minute levels of toxin naturally present in them, they are not harmful to us at these levels. By not using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, organic foods can naturally develop the nutrients and vitamins that a person needs to maintain a healthy, well balanced diet. Keeping these foods the way they naturally grown allows them to develop larger and more full of these valuable items that would be reduced because of the many chemicals and pesticides used to grow the convention foods. As to whether organic food is tastier, is up to the individual. Many professional chefs and home cooks prefer to use organic food when possible because they feel the flavors are stronger and taste more natural. Organic food is richer in color; therefore making the dishes not only taste better but help also to create a more appealing presentation. To them organic food has a fresher taste and a more natural flavor because the food is allowed to grow naturally and develop the way it would occur as nature intended it to. Organic food does cost more because of the time it takes to prepare the soil and let the food grow as nature intended. This cost more in labor and time so that the price for these can be inflated. When you take into consideration the health benefits of not putting in harmful chemicals and better taste of the food, they outweigh the cost of purchasing these products Conventionally grown foods are grown with a large amount of chemicals and pesticides that can be harmful to consumers in the long wrong. Now there are arguments that the levels of these products are so small that they are not harmful to consumers; but there are plenty of signs to the contrary. Look at how rapidly and early boys and girls are maturing compare to those of the past. This can be accounted for or â€Å"blamed† on the amount of hormones fed to animals to grow them larger and enhance them, so that they produce more by products, such as eggs and milk. The chemicals used to grow larger crops and protect them from rotting and pest also has negative effects. It has caused a rise in allergies that was just not prominent twenty or thirty years ago. The shorten times of growth that conventionally grown foods have can stunt the development of vital nutrients that they would produce if they were to be grown in the normal periods they would have. This can really have a negative effect on having a balanced diet because consumers will have to add supplements, like synthetic vitamins, to get their daily nutrient levels. Again, as to whether conventionally grown food taste better or worse, is up to the individual but most professional chefs feel it does not taste as fresh or has natural flavors like those in organic food. The flavor in conventionally grown food is not as developed because it has shortened growth time. Fruit, vegetables and animals need time to naturally develop and grow as nature intended them to so they can develop all of the good stuff we love. Conventionally grown food does cost less because it is grown so fast and in mass quantities without care for the environment or any harmful effects to the consumers. The short-term side effects are not as bad to the long-term side effects that will be passed on to generations upon generation. Saving a dollar at the risk of a person’s health seems to me to be a very large risk that is not necessary. Organically grown food is a much better choice because more naturally nutrients, better developed flavors and appearance even if the cost of purchasing them is higher. Conventionally grown food is the exact opposite. The chemicals and hormones are resulting in early development in our children and an increase in the levels of people with allergies. Professional chefs prefer organic food to conventional food because it develops the flavor profiles of their dishes more and improves the appearance of it as well. Just because the cost of conventionally grown food is lower than that of organically grown food, the disadvantages of them are much higher. Risking the future of our children is simply not worth saving a few dollars. It is up to the individual as to where to choose organic food but choosing it will provide the tools for a brighter tomorrow and a healthier today. We need to teach our children healthier ways to eat and live, if we expect them to grown up and live productive lives.

Fashion Icon

Blake Lively, amazes everyone with her versatility in fashion. Day after day, week after week she just can't go wrong! On Gossip Girl, she couldn't get much credit because the whole cast has a fashion stylist. But, Lively manages to look fashionable off set as well. It's all about taking risk in fashion and Lively definitely does the job especially with her choice of colors. On top of the most beautiful dresses she puts on, she manages to have the right makeup and hair for every outfit.Confident, poised, stylish, glamorous. These are the kinds of words typically used to describe Blake Lively, who has become the self-proclaimed fashionista of her generation. Not only is she now the face of Chanel but also she is constantly in the spotlight for her fearless approach to fashion as well as her obvious true passion and love for it. After attending countless designer shows and taking her views of the runway to the real world there is no doubt that she has become a fashion icon to those who follow her.In fact, being chosen to be on the cover of Vogue twice in a single year is almost a right of passage to prove she is officially a top player in the fashion industry. She is a designer dream because she stays true to her vision. Teens are full of youthful energy, life and vitality, they have love and passion for fashion, drawing inspiration from celebrities. Blake Lively stands as a fashion icon for teens, as my target customer like being perceived older and like imitating the style of older people to feel more mature.All American golden girl, blake lively is known to be pretty, sweet who doesn’t get into any scandals or controversies, whatever she wears is widely accepted by my target customer, Maddy. These days there is an increasing trend that teens want to dress older than their age and Blake lively serves a good model to copy. Unlike many other celebrities she doesn’t like to have a personal stylist. She isn’t afraid to take the runway to the re d carpet, and no matter the look or designer, she always makes the outfit look effortless.Her uniqueness and individualism inspired maddy to imitate her style. Blake lively’s enthusiasum in styling herself inspired maddy to take that up as a hobby and learn to be creative and talented. Blake lively always like to change her looks and be new each time she steps out, she had a more sweeter style when she was younger now she is more lady like and sophisticated. Maddy draws inspiration from her fast fashion style and trys to look new when she goes shopping with her friends.Maddy’s preference to fast fashion products that are more in trend and are constantly changing is inspired by blake’s trendy way of changing her looks constantly and reinventing herself. Maddy follows blake’s style on tweete, facebook and keeps posters of her style trends in her room. Bold, confident and daring are the words used to describe blake, her personality is similar to who maddy wa nts to be. As blake never has a backgroung in show business and made it so big in the fashion industry, maddy plans to follow her foot steps and get in to show business when she grows up.

Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 26

I spent the night at the lake again, but this time I didnt sleep. Instead I sat along the bank, listening to the world hum around me as though I was an audience member at a musical show. Frogs croaked melodically, blowing out their chests with proud puffs. Fish swam to the lakes surface to gulp down the water bugs that hovered there, then dived back down to the depths with soft flips of their tails. Birds flew overhead in V formation, and small animals rustled through the reeds, chasing one another as they ferreted out their next meal. Then came the grand finale as the sun, an enormous, watery orb, rose to its place of prominence in the sky, signaling that it was the all-powerful king and Earth was its subject. As I sat there, watching the one thing that could kill me in an instant if it werent for the ring Katherine gave me, a sense of calm rippled through my body. The world was beautiful and magical and I was lucky to still have a place in it. Grabbing a perfectly round, flat stone, I stood and looked out over the water. I closed my eyes.If it skips four times, everything will be okay.Then I let the stone soar. It skipped once twice three times â€Å"Four skips! Impressive!† a voice cheered, followed by enthusiastic clapping. I turned around just as Callie leaped into my arms. â€Å"Youre in a good mood,† she said with a smile. â€Å"I am. And its all thanks to you.† She tucked her arm through mine. â€Å"In that case, I know just how you can thank me!† I felt her pulse beating through my coat, and her blood smelled nearly irresistible. But the stone had skipped four times, so I bent down to kiss her. Callie and I spent all day together, and then I slept at the lake again. When I arrived home the following day at dusk, I found a pile of clothes, including the black trousers and gray coat Id modeled for Lexi, on the floor outside my room. On top of the pile was a note, written in block handwriting. Follow your heart. You're lucky you still have one. I scooped the bundle up into my arms, touched, relieved, and a little bit sad all at once. I changed into a blue chambray shirt and white trousers and slicked my hair back in the mirror. I looked like any young man preparing for a rendezvous with a pretty girl. I just wished it were that simple. I crept down the stairs, waiting for someone to jump out of the shadows to stop me–to tell me my plan would never work. But I made it all the way down and then through the kitchen and out the backdoor without that happening. Once outside, I walked the two miles to Laurel Street with my hands in my pockets, whistling the strains of â€Å"God Save the South.† I paused to pick a white magnolia from a bush in front of a peach-colored mansion at the bottom of Callies street. â€Å"Stefan!† an urgent whisper came from behind the tree at the bottom of the Gallagher driveway. Callie stepped into view. Her hair was loose and flowing down her back, and she was wearing a white nightdress trimmed in eyelet lace, just like the first time Id seen her, except that this time she was standing close enough to me that I could see that although she was wearing a heavy gray woolen shawl, she wasnt wearing a petticoat. I turned away, suddenly shy. â€Å"Stefan,† Callie murmured, brushing my arm with her fingers. â€Å"Are you ready?† â€Å"Yes,† I said. I took the flower and tucked it behind her ear. She smiled. â€Å"Youre such a gentleman.† â€Å"And youre beautiful,† I responded, reaching out to push a strand of hair behind her ear. Her tresses were as soft as rose petals and smelled of honey. I wanted to stay there forever, watching her breath form puffs of air in front of me. â€Å"Callie † I began, when the bells of a distant church chimed suddenly into the frosty air. Twelve bells. Midnight. The witching hour. â€Å"Its time,† Callie said. â€Å"Jaspers shift lasts until twelve thirty, but I can tell him youre there to relieve him early. That will buy us some time. Once the second guard shows up, youll be long gone. But we have to hurry.† She sounded very sure of herself, but her trembling lip gave away her emotions. I wanted to throw my arms around her, tuck her into bed, and whisper â€Å"sweet dreams† in her ear. But I, a vampire, was relying on this child to protect me. Callie knit her fingers together as if in silent prayer. Then she nodded and gave me a wan smile. â€Å"Dont be scared,† she said, pressing her palm into mine. But I could feel her heart thumping at a gallop from the pulse points in her palm. She led me through the iron gates and around the gravel driveway, and opened a nondescript door on the side of the house. â€Å"Be quiet,† Callie commanded, as my eyes adjusted to the dark. Unlike the rest of the house, with its polished marble and gleaming oak, this entrance was strictly utilitarian, designed for servants to have easy access to the storage space in the attic without disturbing the residents of the house. A steep staircase, made of unfinished walnut beams, loomed in front of us. Callie cocked her head, listening for something. I followed suit, although my thoughts were buzzing too loudly for me to hear specific words. Suddenly, I heard a scraping sound from the floor above us. Callie glanced at me; shed heard it as well. â€Å"Jasper,† Callie explained. â€Å"We should go up.† She walked up the rickety steps, as I followed quickly behind her. Once we got to the cracked, whitewashed door, she knocked–two quick raps followed by a pause, then a longer one. A lock clicked, and then we heard the scratch of metal against metal as Jasper undid the bolt. Finally, he opened the door, wedging his body next to the edge so we couldnt see inside. â€Å"Well, well, well. Callie and the man who staked the vampire, then ran for his life. To what do we owe the pleasure?† Jasper leered. I shifted uncomfortably, trying to get a glimpse inside the room. â€Å"Hello, Jasper,† Callie said, brushing past him and motioning for me to follow. In the darkness, I could just make out a sizable cage in the corner. A large, unmoving lump lay inside. â€Å"Father needs you in the study. Stefan will take over until the next shift arrives.† â€Å"Meet Jasper in the study?† a loud voice boomed. â€Å"But Im right here.† I froze.Gallagher. Callies father was perched at a rickety table behind the door, a hand of cards laid out in front of him. In the center of the table, a single candle flickered. â€Å"Oh, Father.† Callie giggled. The sound felt forced, out of place. â€Å"I must have been confused. I know youd wanted to play cards tonight, and I suppose I thought youd be more comfortable in the study or † she began, her voice wavering. She licked her lips and sat down at the table across from Gallagher. â€Å"Youre kind to think of me, girl,† Gallagher said gruffly. â€Å"Mr. Gallagher,† I said, bowing slightly. â€Å"I was told to report for duty, but perhaps Im mistaken?† The confusion wasnt hard to feign. Callie had sworn her father would be out of the house. â€Å"Is that right, Jasper?† Gallagher asked. â€Å"Guess it is. He aint bad, that one. A little nervous, but when he sticks em, he sticks em good.† Gallagher nodded, taking in the information. â€Å"And this is that boy you trust, Miss Callie?† Gallagher asked his daughter. Callie nodded, her cheeks reddening under her freckles. Then finally, thankfully, Gallagher stood up, his chair scraping against the floor. â€Å"Well, then, Ill leave you boys to it,† he said, taking his whiskey and following his daughter downstairs. â€Å"So youre Gallaghers guy now, aint you?† Jasper asked, shoving a vervain-soaked stake in my hands. My skin burned, and pain shot through my arms. I fought the urge to growl and clamped down on my tongue. Tensing, I felt the stake with only two fingers, trying to minimize the contact the poisoned wood had with my body. â€Å"Well, I aint going to stick around,† Jasper continued. â€Å"The vampires hungry tonight. Hope he eats you. And while he does that, Im going to spend some time with Miss Callie and her daddy. Show em youre not the only man who can be all friendly and genteel-like,† Jasper said. His movements were loose, and I could smell whiskey on his breath. â€Å"Brother?†I whispered. Damon reared up, fangs bared, causing me to jump back in surprise. He laughed, a hoarse chuckle, then collapsed against the side of the cage, exhausted from the exertion. â€Å"What, brother? Scared of a vampire?† I ignored him as I began wresting the door off the structure. Damon watched in curiosity and then slowly crawled over toward me. He was just reaching out when I felt a searing pain radiate from my spine through my entire body. â€Å"Gotcha!† a voice yelled.

Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question Essay

Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question - Essay Example The ABC model enables business organizations to adequately approximate the cost elements applicable to the products, activities and services. The cost elements enables business organizations make appropriate decisions. One decision entails identifying products and services that are loss generating or less profitable. The second decision entails removing the service and product which are ineffective, and ensure processing approach which results in better yielding products and services. ABC analyses the product and consumer expenses and also profitability, according to the production and the performing processes. Thus, ABC has the applied in supporting strategic business aspects like; pricing, outsourcing, and also the process improvement approaches (Hartgraves & Morse, 2015). ABC illustrates; fixed costs, variable costs, and overhead costs. The cost split illustrates the cost drivers. For example, in operating machines, the main cost driver is the machine operating driver. This is because the machine operating hours greatly influences the labor, power and also machine maintenance costs. ABC is effectively used in routine business processes. ABC ensures allocation of adequate resources to the profitable products and activities, resulting to enhanced profitability levels. ABC also ensures the removal of unnecessary costs, and this improves the revenues generation levels of the business organization (Hartgraves & Morse,

Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Logistics - Essay Example Redetermination barely allows the buyer and seller to reach a firm price prior to production. Supplier’s incentive is primly on cost elements to the detriment of quality interest expressed by the client (Ward 2008).Should the supplier manage to demonstrate actual cost savings, usually when it involves high unit costs, the resultant cost savings from the initial cost targets is shared between the buyer and supplier based on predetermined rate. The fixed-price Contract with Incentives is considered when the two parties won’t agree on an equitable price (Federal Register 1977). Chapter 14 brings out the advantages of fixed-price contracts with incentives over those with redetermination making it relevant to the topic. When two or more parties get together to do business, they form a contract, some sort of a binding legal agreement. Now the contract law is a body of law that governs these agreements whether written or oral. On the other hand, commercial law is a body of law that refers to how the business parties or firms get into a contract with one another and executes the contract. Should any problem arise in the process, the commercial law ensures its remedy. The commercial law is majorly tied to laws regarding agency and contracts. Finally, the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is not exactly applicable to a business transaction like the other two but rather it comes in at a later stage. The UCC is a model statute used to resolve contract disputes that arise from the sale of goods (LaMance 2013).

Program Design and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Program Design and Development - Essay Example This may be attributed to availability of weapons such as firearms and the influence of the media, more so, the social media (Ferguson, Maryam & Raskin, 2005). As a result, the injuries inflicted on the victims are truly fatal. Furthermore, many people were made angry by the juvenile system’s inability to manage or put under control violent behavior exhibited by young people. The politics of current laws of juvenile justice reforms leaves a lot of doubt about the administration. The legislators maintain that the people require policies that are tough. On the other hand, moral panics tend to disappear after a crisis. The Congress’ goal should be to move the country away from laws and policies that have failed and more often than not turned young delinquents into tough criminals to an agenda that promotes rehabilitation and mentoring. The justice system in America has for a long time categorized a vast number of offenders that are young as adults, taking their cases in co urts for adults and sending them to adult prisons (Miller & Bartollas, 2007). This paper will be a design of a criminal justice program to remedy the Juvenile Justice problem in America. Delinquency Prevention Program The Delinquency Prevention Program will concentrate on the risk and protecting factors revealed to be associated with juvenile delinquency. Utilizing this method, individuals start with identifying risk factors that add on to their problem of delinquency. These factors may include negative peer influence; unemployment; drug and substance abuse in the surrounding environments; truancy; violence in the home or community; poor achievement in school; and lack of involvement by the society, family or school (Zimring, 2005). In looking at the risk factors, societies take into account a number of school, peer, community, and family factors that promote delinquency. After the identification of the risk factors, individuals in the community add to the protective factors that ca n help curb or minimize behaviors that are delinquent. Strategies to put forward protective factors may involve community volunteer services, academic tutoring, organized family activities, and the use of mentoring programs. The protective factors can enhance a young person’s resistance to risk. The living environment can also be enhanced through promoting social interaction that is positive, creating attachment in the society, and facilitating strong connections in the family (Shelden, 2011). From this point of view, prevention of juvenile delinquency is perceived to be cheaper than rehabilitating young delinquents. Detention Center Incarceration Program The Detention Center Incarceration Program includes a section that gives emphasis to physical work, extreme treatment and educational services, and discipline like that of the military. In addition, the program gives supervision that is intense joined with transitional and treatment services in the society. The programâ€⠄¢s philosophy is similar to that of the Boot Camp Incarceration Program. This program is essential for the first time juvenile offenders who are seen to be needy of security by the court and arrested for nonviolent offences. The juvenile delinquents can benefit from a structured program and strictly controlled environment. School-Based Probation The School-Based probation program has a probation officer in a school premise to provide direct administration of

Adler and Van Dorens The Activity and Art of Reading Essay

Adler and Van Dorens The Activity and Art of Reading - Essay Example (2014). In this case, I think that it is the students’ responsibility to apply the concepts taught by the teacher so that they can articulate them in their memory. In addition, learners have to incorporate initiatives of internalizing different concepts and knowledge that they receive from the teachers. Therefore, learners are obligated to act on things communicated to them, Adler, M. (1999). After reading â€Å"The Activity and Art of Reading† by Adler and Van Doren, I deduce my main role as a student is to be a thinker or a learner. In this aspect, I should consider the absence of a teacher as a motivating factor to help me have my books for a tutor: the book takes the position of a life instructor. Compulsorily, I should be very active in class by not only taking simple questions from the teacher but also tackling ideas raised by other students. In addition, I should feel free to express my own thoughts and ideas concerning the matter under discussion in the classroom. This will allow me to create my own knowledge and ideas about learning. Lastly, I have a role as a student to be motivated about learning. In this case, I am supposed to exhibit surmountable interests in learning. Adler, M. (1999) suggest that the main classroom duty performed by a teacher is to facilitate learning. In this case, the teacher communicates ideas and concepts to the students that are commonly referred to as aided discovery. The teacher is tasked with the role of monitoring various activities that learners are undertaking. In addition, the teacher is obligated to prepare learners with knowledge and prior experience so that the learning process can be conducted with expedite and efficiency. Other roles include managing the learning, managing activities and managing the group. Teacher diversity capital, according to Adler, M. (1999), is intended to develop teaching enrichment that embraces sensation and drives teachers to seek new prospects and ideas for building

BP (British Petroleum) Refining Strategy in Europe Essay

BP (British Petroleum) Refining Strategy in Europe - Essay Example Many companies that deal in oil refinery use different processes and strategies in order to produce high quality products that can be used in different factory processes and automobiles. In the process of refining (Krippendorff 2013, 82), an oil depot or tank farm has to be located near the oil refinery plant so that storage of the incoming crude stocks can be persevered before being refined as well as the products arising from the refinery process. BP utilises one of the most efficient technology in the refinery field known as Fischer-Tropsch (FT) technology (Singh & Harvey 2010; Hicks &Nelder 2008, 45). According to BP (2013), the technology is crucial in helping the company to convert various feedstocks such as crude residues, heavy crude residues, coal and biomass into clean and quality fuels such as jet fuel, diesel and naphtha. Fischer-Tropsch technology makes refining process efficient and reliable while ensuring production of superior products that passes all performance-related tests used in respective industries (Maitlis & Klerk 2013; Klerk 2011, 17). According to BP (2013), the company is committed to minimising its contribution to greenhouse gases that emanate from its refinery processes. By adopting Fischer-Tropsch technology, the company has greatly minimised pollution arising from poor refining processes (Johansson 1993, 27; Maczulak 2010, 36). The Fischer-Tropsch technology has often been used with much success at BP Refinery in many of the countries that it has been used. The strategy involves various processes like the multi tubular fixed bed reactor. This reactor has various types of tubes that have small diameters with special catalysts surrounded by boiling water that removes the heat of the reaction (Great Britain 2010, 29). This reactor is very suitable when operating at low temperatures with upper limits reaching up to 530 K. The excess temperature arising from the system results in carbon deposition and can block

Investment in Libyan Oil Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investment in Libyan Oil Industry - Case Study Example But owing to reforms being undertaken in the country and improvement in relations with other nations, opportunities are now being explored to take up investments in the country and take advantage of the emerging situation. Libya on its part appears to be making all the right moves. Colonel Qaddafi too has expressed his opinion in favour of reforms together with the vision of applied socialism and popular democracy. Multinational companies and foreign institutional investors (FIIs) are now being given encouraging signals to invest in the country. Prime Minister Shukri Ghanem, supported by Seif al-Islam, the son of Col Qaddafi has started the reforms process. The ban put on the imports of Libyan oil and some exports to Libya in 1982 by some nations has also been subsumed in the emerging scenario. Libya has the largest reserve of crude oil, but despite such a great wealth and a population of just about 6 Million the country could not progress much during all these years (The Economist, 2007). With the improvement in geo-political equations and a conducive atmosphere for investments, the oil sector seems to have become quite attractive in Libya. The main intention of the study is to develop a better understanding of the manner in which Libya has charted the reform course for itself in the past and the investment opportunities being presented to the world. The oil is sector is one which offers huge opportunities from a long term perspective. During the study an effort would be made to analyse the process of reform in Libya. In addition some of the major oil companies will also be analysed to explore how these companies are preparing themselves to take on the global players. In particular the study will try to seek answers to the following key objectives. To analyze the economic condition of Libya and how the sanctions have impacted the economic condition of the country. To study the oil industry of the country and the levels of competition amongst the oil companies. Determine the factors assisting the upward movement of Libyan economy in the rect past. To identify the behavioural patterns of some of the oil majors, investment bankers, etc. During the course of the study efforts would be made to evaluate how these investors respond to the introduction of economic reforms and how the oil industry in general is being affected by these reforms. Analyze some of the fast developing economies and compare their growth vis--vis the economy of a country like Libya. This will be an effort to point out some areas which require attention in order to open up the investments on a larger scale. Oil exploration is more of a technical field requiring skilled workers and managers. During the study an effort would be made to study the HR scenario in the country in general for taking up the challenge of increased activities in the fields of oil exploration etc. Scope of the Report Scope and context of this study will include; 1. Analysis of an overall picture of the Libyan economy and its oil industry particularly after the new regime has come into effect 2. Analysis of some of the major oil companies in Libya. 3. Growing curiosity about the Libyan market and the interest of many

GLS Australian Beverage LTD Essay Example for Free

GLS Australian Beverage LTD Essay 1937, Australian Beverages Ltd (ABL) commenced manufacturing soft drinks [non-alcoholic drinks rather than ‘hard’ drinks that contain alcohol]. 1970s and 1980s, the company expanded beverage portfolio by entering into other non-alcoholic beverage categories, such as fruit- and milkbased drinks. 2011, the company was Australia’s largest supplier of non-alcoholic beverages. -Tom Dwyer, current Managing Director since 2008. Joined the company at a time when carbonated soft drinks (CSDs) growth was stagnating and shareholder confidence in the company was waning. Dwyer established a strategic planning team to assess the current product portfolio and identify organic and acquisition growth opportunities. From this review the importance of operational excellence was identified Strong investment was made in world-class manufacturing facilities and systems. Process re-engineering was implemented to reduce the costs of manufacturing and time-to-market. Given the declining consumption of CSDs, Tom Dwyer has sought to reduce ABL’s reliance on them, focusing on growing new products and entering new non-alcoholic beverage Categories. Significant investment in product development of other non-alcoholic beverages Several acquisitions made to grow the market share of non-CSD based beverages in the company’s portfolio Entry into the Australian snack food market recently undertaken. Finalised the integration of a snack food business acquisition just over 12 months ago, Latest acquisition enabled ABL to leverage its strong distribution capabilities to supermarkets, convenience stores and hospitality channels by adding complementary food products to non-alcoholic beverages. CSDs still accounted for 68 per cent of company revenue in 2011. The board has requested the company continue to accelerate

Aesthetic Attitude Is A Myth Philosophy Essay

Aesthetic Attitude Is A Myth Philosophy Essay In The Myth of the Aesthetic Attitude, George Dickie argues that the notion of the aesthetic attitude is a myth and attempts to argue against all forms of the idea. Whilst there are other compelling theories concerning the existence of the aesthetic attitude, he presents a strong case against it, arguing that all attempts to precisely describe such an attitude fail. His argument focuses on the notions of the aesthetic attitude proposed by Bullough and Stolnitz, which I will outline in this essay. Initially, Dickie considers Edward Bulloughs theory of psychical distance. Bullough suggests that in order to obtain an aesthetic attitude and judge an object aesthetically, the subject must distance themselves from that object and separate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the object and its appeal from ones own self, by putting it out of gear with practical needs and ends.  [1]  In doing so, Bullough says that contemplation of the object becomes alone possible  [2]  and you are no longer directly involved with the object. Bullough illustrates his idea using his fog at sea example, where he describes how unpleasant and dangerous the fog might seem to a person, but also how beautiful the fog is. Bullough thinks that it is the aesthetic attitude which enables ones view of the fog to change through a transformation by distance  [3]  as the fog is allowed to stand outside the context of our personal needs and ends and one can look at it objectively. For Bullough, only the right amount of distance enables the aesthetic attitude to be employed and he discusses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦cases in which people are unable to bring off an act of distancing or are incapable of being induced into a state of being distanced.  [4]  Bulloughs example of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the jealous husband at a performance of Othello  [5]  unable to concentrate as he is thinking of his own wifes suspicious behaviour demonstrates being under-distanced as the subject is too emotionally involved with the play. Similarly, a light technician working on the play might be over-distanced as he is preoccupied with the lights and missing any emotional involvement with the play itself. Dickie may undermine Bulloughs concept of distance here as he questions whether one can deliberately distance oneself or whether one can be induced into a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦consciousness denoted by being distanced.  [6]  Dickie undermines the concept of distance here suggesting that there is no such experience as being distanced and so undermines Bulloughs theory. Furthermore, Dickie criticises Bulloughs use of new terms referring to distance, as he thinks to introduce these terms does nothing but send us chasing after phantom acts and states of consciousness.  [7]  Dickie infers that there is no identifiable psychological experience of being distanced  [8]  and so no value in Bulloughs idea of distance. Furthermore he suggests that being under or over-distanced is simply being more or less focused on something and just two different cases of inattention.  [9]  Therefore, being distanced means just focusing ones attention on something and is not a new kind of act  [10]  or special state of consciousness  [11]  . Whilst Dickie puts forward a fairly persuasive argument against psychical distance, his description of aesthetic experiences as simple cases of attention or inattention may not be adequate in explaining what it truly is to have an aesthetic experience. If, as Dickie suggests, we reject the aesthetic attitude, one might argue that we would be unable to answer some important questions about aesthetic experience. Specifically, one might argue that the aesthetic attitude is required in order to pinpoint what exactly the judgment of taste is and what prompts us to recognise objects as aesthetic objects. Therefore, Dickies argument may be less effective in refuting the aesthetic attitude, as Bulloughs theory of distance may be closer to providing answers to such questions. Importantly, Dickie continues his argument by criticising another way of conceiving the aesthetic attitude when he discusses Jerome Stolnitzs theory which suggests that the aesthetic attitude is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦marked out by its disinterestednessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [12]  and its detachment from practical purposes. Stolnitzs definition is that it is the disinterested and sympathetic attention to and contemplation of any object of awareness whatever, for its own sake alone.  [13]  Stolnitz elaborates on this idea explaining that disinterested attention means looking at the object with no concern for any ulterior purpose.  [14]  Similarly he says that sympathetic attention means that the subject can experience the objects individual qualities with no prejudice. For Stolnitz, such an aesthetic perception involves the subjects active attention being directed at the object alone, without thinking or asking questions and being emotionally open and able to respond to it. This result s in an enhanced experience of the object which enables us to focus on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the look of the rocks, the sound of the ocean, the colours in the painting,  [15]  whilst contemplating an object with a practical perception prevents us from truly appreciating it and limits our experience of the object. Dickies criticism of Stolnitzs aesthetic attitude only really focuses on this notion of disinterested attention. Stolnitz distinguishes between disinterested attention and interested attention which he says differ according to the purpose of the attention. For example when looking at Warhols Campbell Soup Cans, if I admire it as a beautiful piece of art then I experience it with disinterested attention. On the other hand, if I look at it and think about how hungry I am and how I would like to eat the soup, I experience it with an interested attention. However, Dickie objects to Stolnitzs idea that such a difference in purpose results in a difference in attention. Dickie proposes that the concept of disinterest does nothing to explain what it means to attend to  [16]  an object. To reinforce his point, Dickie uses an example of two people listening to music with different purposes Jones with the purpose of analysing the music for an exam and Smith with no such purpose other than simply listening to it. Dickie suggests that Jones has an ulterior purpose and Smith does not, but this does not mean Joness listening differs from Smiths.  [17]  Dickie demonstrates that the only difference between the listening of Jones and Smith is their purpose and suggests that in reality there is nothing different about their attention at all. Therefore, Dickie argues that the notion of disinterestedness cannot be used to refer to a type of attention, as attention has no special attribute such as disinterest. Instead, Dickie thinks that it ca n only refer to whether attention is motivated by a purpose or not. Hence, Dickie may challenge Stolnitzs theory as he questions the validity of the concepts of interested and disinterested attention which is key to Stolnitzs whole theory of the aesthetic attitude. In addition, Dickie reinforces his argument using the example of the art critic attending a piece of art. Dickie points out that according to Stolnitzs theory, the art critic could not critique the art as well as appreciate it, as the critic has an ulterior purpose to analyse and evaluate the object he perceives.  [18]  Dickie claims that Stolnitz confuses a perceptual distinction with a motivational one  [19]  as the critic only differs from other subjects attending the art in his motives and purpose. For Dickie, this example only further highlights that it is not possible to attend to art interestedly nor disinterestedly only with or without a motive or purpose. Whilst Dickie develops a convincing argument against Stolnitzs theory of the aesthetic attitude, he does only really focus on one aspect of it disinterestedness and doesnt effectively address the idea of sympathetic attention, for example. In his argument, Stolnitz stresses the importance of considering all the aspects of his definition of the aesthetic attitude, so for this reason, Dickies attempt at challenging Stolnitzs theory may not be as successful. Furthermore, Stolnitz himself argues in response to Dickies criticism that, Leading aestheticians continue to take disinterestedness to be foundational in their thinking.  [20]  Stolnitz suggests that the incomparable longevity of the concept demonstrates its validity, as it continues to engage thought.  [21]  As engaging as the concept may be, however, this point might not succeed as an effective counter-argument to Dickie. Dickies argument convincingly refutes Bulloughs and Stolnitzs theories of the aesthetic attitude, but it may not follow that rejecting the ideas of distance and disinterestedness means that no special aesthetic attitude exists. One might argue that from the vantage point  [22]  of the subject there are a set of features that identify aesthetic experience  [23]  which, whilst difficult to describe accurately, constitute the aesthetic attitude. Furthermore, it might be argued that Dickie is more concerned with the aesthetic object than the aesthetic experience, as his own alternative for the aesthetic attitude the institutional theory of art focuses on the nature of art and how an object can become art, rather than on aesthetic experience and our response to an object. Ultimately, however, whilst there are several compelling counter-arguments in favour of the aesthetic attitude, I think that Dickies argument that it is a myth is convincing and effectively undermines both Bull oughs and Stolnitzs notions of the aesthetic attitude.

Creative Accounting

Creative Accounting Creative Accounting Introduction There exist no single definition for the term creative accounting. A few creators contend that, creative accounting is a gathering of methods, choices and opportunity room left by accounting regulation, without moving far from laws or accounting necessities, permitting to the directors to change the fiscal result or the monetary explanations (Gillet, cited by Shabou and Boulika Taktak, 2002). An alternate meaning of the term creative accounting is as takes after, a get together of methodology keeping in mind the end goal to change the benefit, by expanding or diminishing, or to distort the budgetary explanations, or both of them (Stolowy 200). A last meaning of the term is, the change of budgetary accounting figures from what they really are to what plans seek by exploiting the current tenets and/or disregarding some or every one of them (Kamel Nasser 1993). The general thought behind this idea is that monetary data is manipulated to speak to a money related position and execution, that does not reflect its actual position and execution. Supervisors wont have the capacity to manipulate their accounting figures if accounting tenets wont permit them to do so. In the US, the money related data is ready utilizing the Proper accounting rules (GAAP), which is made by the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB). Be that as it may, these guidelines are not sufficient as regardless they permit adaptability in accounting. There exist no standard recipe for changing over numbers into money streams. Creative Accounting and corporate governance- both are dealt with in the writing broadly and the contrast utilized respects the view of each. While the first idea is dealt with and acknowledged as having a general importance, the last is thought to be dubious regarding implications and acknowledgement. In this respect its applied delimitation is thought to be vital in the presentation of this study since the implications ascribed reflect additionally our perspectives. The idea creative accounting acclimatizes different definitions in the writing and it is inspected under two vital perspectives: a positive one and a negative one. From a positive perspective, it may appear that creative accounting hints creation of accounting standards and methods to perceive changes in financial, social, and political furthermore business situations and perceives bona fide changes in accounting practice. From a negative perspective, creative accounting means undesirable practices which acclimatizes di shonest components for pulling in suppliers of the capital by displaying a deluding and misleading state of a certain firm`s undertakings. A large portion of the theoretical delimitation in regards to creative accounting is identified with those two perspectives and the general pattern distinguished in the writing backings the negative perspective. The act of creative accounting has the ability to misshape the underlying money related execution of a firm, making more troublesome for a speculator or monetary investigator to evaluate the execution of the firm and to look at between changed organizations. Therefore creative accounting as a beguiling practice clashes with the essential point of accounting regulation changing the activity of standard setting in a repetitive peculiarity on one hand and then again giving an unreasonable playing point to organizations that can effectively polish this beguiling activity. The sentiments with respect to creative accounting practice, as an inst rument of deluding are different and the definitions various. The extent of our study was not to recreate this definitions (regardless of the possibility that this demarche could be helpful for a finer comprehend of the recent point) however more to build an inner history of the significant writing that approached this theme. In with respect to we consider more applicable to approach the making of a system of center terms for the writing being referred to and to distinguish the essential and optional center terms used to portray this subject into the worldwide significant examination group. In this admiration we utilized Papineau`s (1976) idea of sliding request of center terms to demarche those terms that are integral to all analysts with the extent of an intensive understanding of the improvement of a specific writing. Since the extent of the article is not to create the epistemology of this develop and in addition the relationship with the corporate governance build, we discussed just four separate feelings in regards to the creative accounting importance under the aegis of Papineau`s (1976) pecking order of center terms as taking after: As with respect to Metcalf (1977:188) approaching we recognized as essential center term in clarifying creative accounting the accounting techniques that allow companies to report budgetary comes about that may not correctly depict of business exercises. As auxiliary center terms we can further create focused around its presumptions the subjective and target way in which the accounting methods are utilized; From Naser (1993:2) we can distinguish as essential center terms for clarifying creative accounting the accounting figures. In this admiration the preparers inspirations are critical since their longing is to exploit the current leads with a specific end goal to succeed to fulfill their specific objectives; Citron (1995) perspective give other essential center term as accounting rules and further as auxiliary center terms the certain yearning of preparers to stretch the standards and mislead the peruser of monetary articulations; Amat and Gowthorpe (2004) assessment in regards to creative accounting give an intriguing sight since it gives two sorts of essential center terms as ambiguities and discontinuities of the law. The auxiliary center terms embody the ramifications of the first together with the craving of deceive as opposed to help the planned utilized. As we would like to think creative accounting could be characterized as a mean being utilized by the organizations within request to adjust, create and get to be more aggressive in the turbulent situations in which they work, adjustment that requires exceedingly versatile experts equipped to produce creative plans regardless of the possibility that these utilize translating hazy areas further bolstering their good fortune being less judicious just about constantly; look for provisos in particular tenets being not as reliable as ought to be or create gadgets which controllers have not thought. Hypothetical system for managing our exploration address as far as interfacing the two ideas We consider the definition explained by Shleifer and Vishny (1997) as illustrative since we can recognize the foundations of creative accounting conduct as the accompanying affirms the potential presence of wrong lead of administration: Corporate governance incorporates all the procurements and instruments that ensure the benefits of the firm are overseen proficiently and in light of a legitimate concern for the suppliers of fund, moderating the improper seizure of assets by administrators or another gathering to the firm. Chiefs at times deceive shareholders with respect to the underlying financial execution of a certain organization or may impact contractual results that rely on reported accounting figures (Healy, 1985; Perry and Williams, 1994; Defond and Jiambalvo, 1994). By utilizing judgments within fiscal reporting and through organizing transactions they may modify money related reports and as a result, this way may prompt a set of monetary articulations that dont give a genu ine and reasonable perspective of the financial exercises of an organization. Managerial carefulness in the application of accounting strategies used to report firm execution is not thought to be manipulative until this specific circumspection is utilized with the expectation to control reported results. This is connected likewise to the way that supervisors may concentrate on fleeting individual motivators, for example, expanding compensations, rewards, and other transient remunerations, as opposed to concentrate on the long- term financial accomplishment of the firm. Each one of those questions show up where a detachment of the proprietorship from the control of an organization exists and in this admiration the clash that emerges is portrayed by the Agency hypothesis. In the setting of Agency Theory the firm is thought to be a legitimate fiction that serves as a center for complex process that is portrayed by conflictual peculiarities of the targets of people (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). The clashes are identified with imparting the monetary assets and the absence of certainty, these clashes between the shareholders and directors being considered in the writing to be the foundation of creative accounting. Most considered led in the writing are focused so far on the relationship between shareholders-administration collaboration that includes the seriously wrangled about clash of diversions as the schemas created by Demski (1994), and further Christensen and Feltham (2005) clarified. The points corporate governance and creative accounting practices are examined in the writing in the connection of inside interest for manipulative conduct which radiates from the contracting estimation of profit administration in the principal–agent connections in the middle of shareholders and chiefs (Dye, 1988). This specific clashes of investment innate in org connections, in some cases are restricted having the way that shareholders disregarded and acknowledge purposeful controls of records getting to be thusly unwitting assistants to manipulation (Gowthorpe and Amat, 2005) as they are tolerating the way that piece of control of records focal point them. The criticalness of corporate governance ponders in the range of creative accounting displayed under all its types of indication is identified with the general pattern exhibited in the writing that poor governance affect or maintain a manipulative conduct. Likewise talks are respected the way that poor governance brings a bout expanded recompense bundles that incite Ceos to act in a manipulative way. Then again, late studies led in the writing approached the issue of poor corporate governance fundamentally with the extent of finding the gimmicks that help this state and archived that the causality of this demarche is spoken to by the income administration and further stretched out to records control. In this admiration, further experimental studies are required to recognize unquestionably the relationship between records control and corporate governance and survey the criticalness of one another and the way that they strengthen one another. The subject of data asymmetry is additionally talked about since no approaching with respect to corporate governance in the range of creative accounting discards it and since the hypothesis in regards to data asymmetry can possibly clarify the various impetuses found on the monetary business sector to control accounting information and further to evaluate the result of such conduct. The work of Vickrey (1945); Akerlof (1970, 1976); Mirrlees (1971); Spence (1973); Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976) is analyzed since they created the spearheading studies in regards to asymmetry of data. By understanding their work we can have a completely understanding of the businesses conduct with results upon our zone of exploration since data asymmetry is viewed as an additionally as a genesis point for manipulative conduct. The general perspective regarding the matter of clarify data asymmetry is that one side of the business has better data that the other. In the connection of corporate governance th e CFO and the leading group of the organization knows more than the shareholders and different clients of accounting data about the productivity of the organization. Five hypotheses have given the hypothetical underpinning to research artful conduct in the zone of corporate governance. Organization hypothesis; authenticity hypothesis; institutional hypothesis; indicating hypothesis and stakeholder hypothesis portray distinctive purpose of perspectives in relationship with managerial speculator performance. 1 | Page

Congress Public Image :: essays research papers

No body of government truly has a truly perfect image in the U.S., but in particular is the congress. There are quite a few theories as to why Congress has a bad public image. Congress may have a poor public image but if it weren’t for it’s own members speaking ill of the institution then the image problem could easily be fixed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think one of the main reasons why Congress has a poor public image is because its members often times criticize it. Many congressional candidates run on the idea that they are going to get into congress, fix it, and make it work. How is the public supposed to be satisfied with an institution that isn’t even accepted by its own members? I don’t blame the public for having a bad image of the Congress. Most citizens only pay attention to politics with the minimum effort; what they see on TV or what they read on the front page of the paper. Congressmen don’t usually go around praising Congress and even if they did, the media doesn’t find that interesting and will ignore it. Therefore, the people only believe what they are presented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another element to this issue would be Congress’ very public decision making process. As Davidson and Oleszek wrote â€Å"if a representative or senator sounds ill-informed or advances an outrageous proposal †¦the representatives of the media are likely to stress the†¦event rather than the substance of the overall debate.† This is very true because when congress discusses issues, it is broadcast on CSPAN and covered by journalists. On the contrary, the inner workings of the executive branch and the judicial branch are kept very private most of the time. Again, all the people are being presented with is biased information so that is all they have of which to form an opinion. This particular example is not Congress’ fault however. They have no control over how the media portrays them. Congressmen are human and if they make a mistake while addressing their peers, it should not become an addition to the list of reasons to hate congress.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Davidson and Oleszek also mentioned the fact that there is no single spokesperson for Congress as a whole. I completely agree with this because it allows the people to have one person to address instead of searching around and hearing from many different people. Davidson and Olseszek write, â€Å"While the President can communicate quickly to the American people concerning his goals and programs Congress lacks such capabilities.

The Passing of the Crown by Shakespeares Henries Essay -- Henry IV He

The Passing of the Crown by Shakespeare's Henries      Ã‚  Ã‚   In his histories from Richard II through Henry V to Richard III, Shakespeare depicts the English monarchy as a game between family and friends of vying for a gold ring -- the crown. Shakespeare gives his reader a central metaphor through which to see this equation in King Henry IV part one. The prank Prince Hal, later King Henry V, and his friend, Poins, play on their friends, particularly Falstaff, parallels the plot's focal passing of the crown.    In the first act, Poins outlines his plan to play a prank on Falstaff and their other friends to Prince Hal, "They [Falstaff and others] will adventure upon the exploit [of stealing money from travelers] themselves, which they shall have no sooner achieved but we'll set upon them" (I.ii.169-71). This exactly represents the larger action that takes place in this same piece. King Henry IV, previously Bolingbroke, usurped the crown from King Richard II in Shakespeare's play of that title, and now, in this King Henry Hotspur is trying to take from "Bolingbroke," the name he contemptuously insists on using for the king, the crown which the king 'rightfully' stole already. Hal's prank can, in fact, be seen as the summarizing play within the play so popular in Elizabethan drama. Not only does Hal's light-hearted game sum up the events of this history, it also works as a microcosm of the events in King Richard III, a tragedy wherein Richard steals the throne from his brothers, Ed ward and George, who, in turn, stole it from Henry VI. The metaphor becomes even more obviously applicable when we hear Falstaff's self-defense for giving up the stolen money so easily, "Was it for me to kill the heir apparent?"... ...taining the position and participating in its ceremonies is a game. However, I don't think this means that the role is an impossible one to actually possess, that it's always simply an unreachable construct that everyone pretends at. I think it just means that Shakespeare sees the crown as not being as serious a thing to possess as is commonly thought. It's a joke, a gag, a prank, always a gold ring made of cardboard. Where there's "a kingdom for a stage," so too can there be 'a stage for a kingdom' (Henry V, prologue line 3). Being King means playing.    Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Henry IV: part one. Ed. P. H. Davison, New York: Penguin Books, 1996. Shakespeare, William. Henry IV: part two. Ed. P. H. Davison, New York: Penguin Books, 1997. Shakespeare, William. Henry V. Ed. A. R. Humphreys, New York: Penguin Books, 1996.   

Badly behaved pupils and parents put teachers off Essay

Suggestions have been raised over the child benefits in United States. For example, Iain Duncan Smith’s suggested that child-related benefits should be limited to two offspring in a family. The fight against the child benefits aren’t justified as they are ill treated. The move should be encouraged as it has helped a good number of the families in the country, in addition limiting the benefit to only a handful (two) children in a family, it doesn’t really play the intended role in the society. Contrary to this, the government should be encouraged to continue with the child benefits program as it has been a gain to a big number of families. Despite the need to have family planning aspects among the people to control the number of children at each family, the child benefit from the government should still remain (Liz, 2014). Child benefit or better still child allowance is a social security payment distributed to parents, children or guardians which highly dependent on the number of children in a family. the child benefit has been effective in helping to support children from less advantaged families which has enables them access essential human needs such a education, food and such. The anti- child benefit campaigns should be shunned as the move is more beneficial to a good number of people and children in the society. Scrubbing the project would land more families especially the poor ones which cannot afford human basic wants. In other words it is the cash expenditure to families with kids not considering their parents income. The advantage amount may vary by the ordinal arrangement of the child, the age of the child, and/or the employment status of the parent. In addition to being of great benefit to the families and children, the benefit helps with extra cost to the families on the extra cost of children. The benefit also includes benefits for women who are pregnant or who have just given birth. The benefits are also helpful to partners whose partners have given birth, people who adopt, tax credits among other benefits. The benefit is essential when one has a responsibility for a child or a young person. In addition to child benefit, there is also the child tax credit. The benefit is also intertwined with the guardians allowances as well as both are meant to help children below the age of 18. The redeployment of income from childless households to families with children, in appreciation of the heavier financial weight incurred by child-rearing (Liz, 2014). Moreover, in order to enjoy the benefits of the child benefit, the benefiting families aren’t required to contribute any national insurance contribution and this in turn comes as gain to the poor families. In addition, the benefit isn’t offered to children who might be under the custody or in prison. In case of child death that was on the child benefit plan, the benefits continue to be given to the family for the next eight weeks. However, despite the benefit behind the child benefit payment, families should be encouraged to practice family planning in order to be able to raise the number of children whom they can comfortably support. The move is however, beneficial in case of calamities such as misfortunes and unemployment’s incase of the parents (Liz, 2014). The child benefit has been beneficial and should be maintained in order to keep boosting the upbringing of the children especially in the financially unstable family. In addition, when the parents loose their jobs they still have the chance to provide for their children, such as food and education. The benefit for the program is numerous and they outweigh the downside of the program. This program is one of the government programs for the grants to the people which have gone miles in assisting less fortunate families financially. A good number countries offer higher benefits levels or supplements for children with disabilities. Family allowances and child benefits are viewed as an instrument that can foster societal cohesion and progress and in turn should be maintained. The benefits also help in strengthening labor force attachments in the country and hence shouldn’t be abolished. Last and not the least, the benefit helps in supplementing the incomes of poor and modest income families with children as a means of reducing or preventing poverty. In conclusion, it’s clear that, the child benefit program is more beneficial to community, and in turn should be maintained. This means the anti-child benefit campaigns should be shunned as the program is of great help to the people. Article (II) Student Behaviour One of the driving forces behind the motivation of teachers in the school is the student behaviours. Badly behaved students are subject to putting off their teachers from the teaching profession. Teachers and school staff understands the changes encountered by students in school and provides them with relevant information and support needed. However, the dedication of the teachers and the staff depends much on the student behaviour and in most cases good behaved students encourages their teachers into the teaching profession. Contrary to this, badly behaved students and teachers are a discouraging factor to the teachers as they put them off from the teaching profession. It is ‘however’ true the student behaviour plays an important role in motivating and maintaining teachers into the profession. The survey is a true reflection of the teachers experience and the parent’s negligence in moulding their children’s behaviour (Jessica, 2014). ‘Badly behaved pupils and parents put teachers off’ was a survey conducted by Guardian Teacher Networks which shows that a good number of teachers have once in awhile considered quitting the profession. Student and parent’s behaviour are essential towards the teacher’s performance in schools. A good number of schools have issues in reference to student behaviours in recent years, which have become a vital problem in modern society. One of factors behind poor student behaviours is collapse of family functions such as divorced family, single parenthood, and children becomes isolated. This in turn leads to bad behaviour among parents and/or students, which de-motivates the teachers. According to the survey, it is clear that, the student or the pupil’s behaviours directly influence the performance of the teachers. Bad behaviour among parents and pupils would negatively influence the teachers and in turn them off from the work. Students who develop behavioural problems from their families are a discouraging aspect to the teachers. It is believed that, pupils/learns important skills and knowledge such as morals and wisdom, which are normally learned from their parents. The survey shows that, the student behaviour is one of the driving factors behind motivated and dedicated teachers (Jessica, 2014). One of the effects of bad student behaviour is that it interferes with individual and other learner’s behaviour. This turns to a challenge for the teacher, as the behaviour challenges day to day running and functioning of schools. In addition, the parents are not helping as much as they would in eradicating negative student and pupils behaviours, hence burdening the work of the teachers purporting them to consider leaving their jobs. Nowadays, the parents have become overprotective to their children. This has not helped at all in taming negative children behaviours and in turn, the burden is left to the teacher to mould the children’s behaviour. For example, an overprotected child expects special treatment at school is in for a frustrating time, which in turn may frustrate the teacher too. The frustration may overwhelm the teacher to a point of making the job dissertation choice. In addition, parents have developed negative expectations for their children which in turn instill negative or unruly behavior in children. From the survey conducted, it’s clearly evident that, â€Å"If unruly behavior is not policed with proper boundaries and a culture of respect for authority at home, teachers cannot effectively implement discipline in the classroom. In addition to negative learner’s behavior, the interference from the government demands of the teacher. 50 % of the interviewed teachers named poor pupil behavior as the main reason behind them leaving the teaching job. The unwanted student behavior influences teachers attitude towards the teaching profession, and if the unruly behavior continues, it may force the teachers to quit the teaching job. Attitude provides a frame for reference for an individual’s conduct and conditions behavior. The creation of unfavorable attitude to the teacher, elicits a reaction of avoidance or aggression towards the job or the learners (Jessica, 2014). In conclusion, it’s clear that, student and parents behavior towards the teachers as well as in the school plays a vital role in molding the teachers. The study reveals that, teacher’s motivation into teaching profession is highly dependent on the children or the learner’s behaviors. The parents are making the scenario worse by failing to support the teachers in the in order to change the learner’s negative behavior into acceptable ones. These demands and the stress accompanying the works force the teacher to quit. The survey, however suggests that â€Å"since its is disruptive children whose behavior is unchecked who miss out the most on their education. That’s why we want to make sure that teachers have more freedom to clamp down on persistently bad behavior without being hampered by bureaucracy, so that teaching time is not lost because of poor behavior,† and in turn prevent a stressing profession to the teachers. This would go miles in im proving both the teachers and students performance in the school. References Liz Jones. You don’t pay for my cats – so why should I pay for your kids? Retrieved from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-2224260/LIZ-JONES-You-dont-pay-cats–I-pay-kids.html. On Tuesday 1 April 2014. Jessica Shepherd, ‘Badly behaved pupils and parents put teachers off’ ’ badly behaved pupils and parents put teachers off: retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/oct/03/teaching-poll-behaviour. On Tuesday 1 April 1, 2014. Source document

According to Aristotle Essay

Laertes verbose and theatrical behaviour causes the audience to dislike him. Nevertheless, unlike Hamlet he is willing to seize revenge at the first opportunity. There are many different perspectives on how Shakespeare addresses the theme of revenge in Hamlet, and also whether it is done successfully. One criticism made by Catherine Belsey, undermines Shakespeare’s approach, as she believed the â€Å"secular injustice is not resolved†. I only agree with the statement to a certain extent, because although Hamlet puts it off and Claudius’ death isn’t planned by him – he does force Claudius to drink the poison, causing his death. If the injustice did remain unresolved, which I don’t believe it did, then that would support the criticism made by T. S Eliot that ‘Hamlet as a revenge tragedy play itself, is a failure’. In my opinion this accusation cannot be sustained as aside from the long wait, Shakespeare does manage to keep revenge the core theme throughout. According to Aristotle; an effective tragic hero is a protagonist who â€Å"†¦ is able to evoke both our pity and terror and is not thoroughly good or thoroughly bad, but a mixture of both†. I think Shakespeare is therefore successful as we do pity Hamlet because he does want to kill Claudius but his orthodox Christianity and strict moral codes acts as a barrier – his tragic flaw is procrastination. We are also scared of his ‘bad’ side which is when he kills Polonius, attacks his mother and rejects Ophelia. Shakespeare uses a number of antitheses; evil vs. good, life vs. death, secular vs. religion and so on and the audience is left to decide which successes over the other. I think Shakespeare constructs Hamlet’s character so that the audience could become him, it is natural for us to question ourselves when faced with a dilemma as imperative as his. We understand his procrastination, but on the other hand his character does raise many questions that remain unresolved even by the end of the play. For example, we question whether his love for his mother and jealousy of Claudius is simply an Oedipus complex – especially as scenes in the film and stage directions of his actions are ambiguous causing us to be unsure of what he’s actually doing to her. Overall, an audience of any century, can relate to him and he becomes a believable psychologically developed character, unlike the others who seem to me to be caricatures and representatives of certain types of people. Word Count: 1,715 A website: http://people. brandeis. edu/~teuber/earlycrit. html http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9063348/revenge-tragedy http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Revenge_play A book: Gill, Roma ed. , ‘Hamlet’ (Oxford School, Shakespeare), Oxford University Press, 2007.

Bluetooth Simulation

VIDYAVARDHINI’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION FINAL YEAR [2004-2005] A REPORT ON BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY PREPARED BY JANHAVI KHANOLKAR NAVEEN BITRA YASHESH MANKAD TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORY 3. WHAT IS BLUETOOTH? 4. BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATIONS 5. BLUETOOTH NETWORKS 6. HOW DOES BLUETOOTH WORK? 7. BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL STACK 8. BLUETOOTH SECURITY 9. APPLICATIONS 10. MERITS AND DEMERITS INTRODUCTION: Bluetooth was originally conceived to replace the rat’s nest of cables typical in any PC setup today and this remains a compelling home application.However, as the Bluetooth evolved it became clear that it would also enable a totally new networking paradigm, Personal Area Networks (PANs)! With PAN technology a user will be able to organize a collection of personal electronic products (their PDA, cell phone, laptop, desktop, MP3 player, etc. ) to automatically work together. For instance the contact manager and calendar in the P DA, laptop, and desktop could all automatically synchronize whenever they are within range of each other). Over time PANs will revolutionize the user experience of consumer electronics.Finally, Bluetooth’s dynamic nature will also revolutionize connectivity to the rest of the world. Bluetooth will automatically discover devices and services nearby so available servers, internet access, printers etc. will automatically become visible to a Bluetooth device wherever it is. HISTORY: Bluetooth is an open specification for short range wireless voice and data communications that was originally developed for cable replacement in personal area networking to operate all over the world.By enabling standardized wireless communication between any electrical devices, Bluetooth has created the notion of a personal Area Network (PAN), a kind of close range wireless network that looks set to revolutionize the way people interact with the information technology landscape around them. In 1994 t he initial study for development of this technology started at Ericsson, Sweden. In 1998, Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, and Intel formed a Special Interest Group (SIG) to expand the concept and develop a standard under IEEE 802. 15 WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network ).In 1999, the first specification was released and accepted as the IEEE 802. 15 WPAN standard for 1Mbps networks. The Bluetooth SIG considers three basic scenarios: †¢ The first basic scenario is the Cable Replacement ie. the wire replacement to connect a PC or laptop to its keyboard, mouse, microphone, and notepad. It avoids the multiple short range wiring surroundings of today’s personal computing devices. †¢ The second scenario is ad hoc networking of several different users at very short range in an area such as a conference room. The third scenario is to use Bluetooth as an AP to the wide area voice and data services provided by the cellular networks, wired connections or satellite links. Why th e name Bluetooth? The story of origin of name Bluetooth is interesting. †Bnluetooth† was the nickname of Harald Blaatand, 10th century Viking who united Denmark and Norway. When Bluetooth specification was introduced to public, a stone carving, erected from Harald Blaatand’s capital city Jelling was also presented. This strange carving was interpreted as Bluetooth connecting a cellular phone and a wireless notepad in his hands.The picture was used to symbolize the vision in using Bluetooth to connect personal computing and communication devices. What is BLUETOOTH? [pic] Figure1: Bluetooth system blocks The Bluetooth system consists of a radio unit, a link control unit, and a support unit for link management and host terminal interface functions (see Figure 1). The Host Controller Interface (HCI) provides the means for a host device to access Bluetooth hardware capabilities. For example, a laptop computer could be the host device and a PC card inserted in the PC is the Bluetooth device.All commands from the host to the Bluetooth module and events from the module to the host go through the HCI interface. The protocol stack is above the radio and baseband hardware, partly residing in the Bluetooth unit and partly in the host device. A Bluetooth solution can also be implemented as a one-processor architecture (embedded solution) where the application resides together with the Bluetooth protocols in the same hardware. In that case, the HCI is not needed. This is a feasible implementation for simple devices such as accessories or micro servers.Requirements of Bluetooth technology: †¢ If Bluetooth technology is to replace cables, it can not be much more expensive than a cable or nobody will buy it. †¢ Because Bluetooth technology is designed for mobile devices it must be able to run on batteries. So it must be very low power and should run on low voltages. †¢ It must also be lightweight and small enough not to intrude on the design o f compact mobile devices such as cellular phones, handsets etc. †¢ It must be as reliable as the cable it replaces and also it must be resilient. †¢ Bluetooth devices operate at 2. GHz in globally available, license free ISM band, which obey a basic set of power and spectral emission and interference specifications. THUS Bluetooth has to be very robust, as there are many existing users and polluters of this shared spectrum. Thus Bluetooth aims to be widely available, inexpensive, convenient, easy to use, reliable, small and low power. Specifications related with Bluetooth: |PARAMETER |VALUES | |Frequency Range |2. – 2. 4835 GHz | |Bandwidth of each channel |1MHz | |Data rate |1 Mbps | |Frequency hopping rate |1600 hops per seconds | |Range of operation |10-100 meters | Bluetooth system operates in 2. GHz Industrial Scientific Medicine (ISM) band. The operating band is divided into 1MHz spaced channels each signaling data at 1 Mbps so as to obtain maximum available channel bandwidth with chosen modulation scheme of GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying). Using GFSK, a binary 1 give rise to a positive frequency deviation from the nominal carrier frequency while binary 0 gives rise to a negative frequency deviation. After each packet both devices retune their radio to a different frequency, effectively hopping from radio channel from radio channel.In this way Bluetooth devices use the whole of available ISM band and if transmission is compromised by interference on one channel, the retransmission will always be on a different channel. Each Bluetooth time slot lasts 625 microseconds giving rise to frequency hopping rate of 1600 hops per seconds. Generally devices hop once per packet. .For long data transmission, particular users may occupy multiple time slots using the same transmission frequency thus slowing instantaneous hopping rate to below 1600 hops/ sec. BLUETOOTH NETWORKS: PICCONETS AND SCATTERNET:The Bluetooth network is called a piconet . In the simplest case it means that two devices are connected (see Figure 2a). The device that initiates the connection is called a master and the other devices are called slaves. The majority of Bluetooth applications will be point-to-point applications. Bluetooth connections are typically ad hoc connections, which means that the network will be established just for the current task and then dismantled after the data transfer has been completed. A master can have simultaneous connections (point-to-multipoint) to up to seven slaves (see Figure2b).Then, however, the data rate is limited. One device can also be connected in two or more piconets. The set-up is called scatternet (see Figure 2c). A device can, however, only be a master to one piconet at a time. Support for hold, park, or sniff mode is needed for a device to be part of the scatternet. In these modes a device does not actively participate in a piconet, leaving time for other activities such as participating in another pic onet, for example. The master/slave roles are not necessarily fixed and can also be changed during the connection if, for example, the master does not have enough esources to manage the piconet. Master/slave switch is also needed in the scatternet. Master/slave switch support is not mandatory. Most of current Bluetooth implementations support piconets only. Point-to-multipoint support depends on the implementation Figure 2. Bluetooth piconet and scatternet scenarios: a) Point-to-point connection between two devices b) Point-to-multipoint connection between a master and three slaves c) Scatternet that consists of three piconets Modes of operation: In connection state, the Bluetooth unit can be in several modes of operation.Sniff, hold, and park modes are used to save power or to free the capacity of a piconet: Active mode: In the active mode, the Bluetooth unit actively participates on the channel. Sniff mode: In the sniff mode, the duty cycle of the slave’s listen activity ca n be reduced. This means that the master can only start transmission in specified time slots. Hold mode: While in connection state, the ACL link to a slave can be put in a hold (possible SCO links are still supported). In hold mode, the slave can do other things, such as scanning, paging, inquiring, or attending another piconet.Park mode: If a slave does not need to participate in the piconet but still wants to remain synchronized to the channel (to participate in the piconet again later), it can enter the park mode. It gives up its active member address. Park mode is useful if there are more than seven devices that occasionally need to participate in the same piconet. The parked slave wakes up regularly to listen to the channel in order to re-synchronize and to check for broadcast messages sent by the master.. FREQUENCY HOPPING :Bluetooth technology uses a frequency hopping technique, which means that every packet is transmitted on a different frequency. In most countries, 79 chann els can be used. With a fast hop rate (1600 hops per second), good interference protection is achieved. Another benefit is a short packet length. If some other device is jamming the transmission of a packet, the packet is resent in another frequency determined by the frequency scheme of the master. This scenario is depicted in Figure 3 where packets of device 1 (colored packets) and device 2 (banded packets) are trying to use the same frequency.Note that this case only refers to situations where there are two or more simultaneous active piconets or a non-Bluetooth device using the same frequency in range. The error correction algorithms are used to correct the fault caused by jammed transmissions Figure 4. Three-slot and five-slot long packets reduce overhead compared to one-slot packets. 220  µs switching time after the packet is needed for changing the frequency. Subsequent time slots are used for transmitting and receiving. The nominal slot length is 625 (s.A packet nominally c overs a single slot, but can be extended to cover three or five slots, as depicted in Figure 4. In multi-slot packets the frequency remains the same until the entire packet is sent. When using a multi-slot packet, the data rate is higher because the header and a 220 (s long switching time after the packet are needed only once in each packet. On the other hand, the robustness is reduced: in a crowded environment the long packets will more probably be lost HOW DOES BLUETOOTH WORKS? Bluetooth devices have 4 basic States.They can be a Master (in control of a Piconet — represented by a large blue circle above), an Active Slave (connected and actively monitoring/participating on a Piconet — medium orange circles), a Passive Slave (still logically part of a Piconet but in a low power, occasionally monitoring but still synchronized, inactive, state — medium gray circles), and Standby (not connected to a Piconet, occasionally monitoring for inquiries from other devices, but not synchronized with any other devices — small white circles). IN IDEAL STATE Bluetooth devices initially know only about themselves and in this state they will be in Standby mode.Standby is a passive mode where a Bluetooth device listens on an occasional basis performing what are called Inquiry and/or Page Scans for 10 milliseconds out of every 1. 28 seconds to see if any other Bluetooth devices are looking to communicate. Passive behavior is inherent to half of Bluetooth’s states and is a key mechanism to achieving very low power. In Standby mode the Bluetooth device’s occasional attention reduces power consumption by over 98%. While all of the Bluetooth devices in the same mode it is important to note that they are NOT synchronized or coordinated in any way.Thus they are all listening at different times and on different frequencies. [pic] Enquiry and page procedures lead to connections ENQUIRY: Inquiry is how a Bluetooth device learns about other devices that are within its range. In the illustration above Node A executes a Page Function on the BT Inquiry ID and receives replies from other devices. Through these replies device A learns the explicit identity of these other devices (i. e. their unique Bluetooth device ID). During the Inquiry process device A continuously broadcasts the Page command using the reserved Inquiry ID which identifies it as as a Page Inquiry.These broadcasts are spread across a standard pattern of 32 Standby radio frequencies which all devices in Standby mode monitor on an occasional basis. Over a duration of some seconds it is certain that every Standby device within range will have received the Inquiry Page even though they are not synchronized in any way. By convention these nodes will respond with a standard FHS packet that provides their unique BT ID and their clock offset. With these parameters the Inquiring node can effect low latency synchronized connections.Node H (the dotted circle above) illustra tes how a Bluetooth device can be programmed to remain anonymous (Undiscoverable in BT jargon). This is a user controlled feature that suspends Inquiry Scanning, and thus device A’s Inquiry Procedure cannot discover Device B It is important to note that device H will continue to support Page Scanning however, and thus a user’s other personal devices (i. e. PAN) can penetrate this barrier by Paging directly to its unique Bluetooth ID. This is information that PAN devices can be configured to know and remember thus enabling private collaboration even when devices are undiscoverable.PAGING: In its general form the Page command establishes a formal device to device link between a Master (the originator) and a Slave. Master/Slave connections in Bluetooth are referred to as a Piconet. To create the piconet device A broadcasts the Page command with the explicit device ID of the target Slave (B in the illustration above) which was learned earlier through an Inquiry Procedure. Further, this connection can be very low latency if the Inquiry data is recent (and thus synchronization can be accurate), but the process will simply take longer if this is not the case.All Bluetooth devices except B will ignore this command as it is not addressed to them. When the device B replies, device A will send it an FHS packet back and assign it an Active Member Address in the Piconet. As an Active Slave device B will begin continuously monitoring for further commands from device A in synchronization with device A’s hopping pattern and clock offset. Further, standard Piconet activity continuously updates the clock offset data keeping the synchronization extremely accurate. Thus the Master and Slave states are not low power but exhibit very low transaction latencies. EXPANDING A PICCONET:Through successive Page commands a Bluetooth Master can attach up to 7 Active Slaves. 7 is a hard limit as only 3 bits are allocated in Bluetooth for the Active Member Address (AMA) w ith 000 reserved for the Master and the remaining addresses allocated to Slaves. Practically, 7 is more than sufficient given Bluetooth’s modest performance and dynamic configurability. Again, all Active Slaves to A continuously monitor for further commands addressed to them in synchronization with device A’s hopping pattern. PARKING: Parking is a mechanism that allows a Bluetooth Master to connect to an additional 256 devices. 56 is a hard limit as 8 bits are allocated in Bluetooth for the Parked Member Address (PMA). To Park a device the Bluetooth Master issues a Park command to an Active Slave and assigns it a PMA. This Slave then enters the Parked mode and surrenders its AMA. As a Parked Slave the device will revert to a passive mode and only monitor for commands on an occasional basis. The difference between Standby and Parked however is that the Slave will remain synchronized to the Master’s hopping pattern and regularly update its clock offset. Thus this device can be reconnected at any time with a minimum latency.BLUETOOTH PROTOCOLS: Protocols are needed to implement different profiles and usage models. Every profile uses at least part of the protocol stack. In order to achieve interoperability between two Bluetooth devices, they both must have the same vertical profile of the protocol stack. Bluetooth Core Protocols Baseband and Link Control together enable a physical RF link between Bluetooth units forming a piconet. This layer is responsible for synchronizing the transmission-hopping frequency and clocks ofdifferent Bluetooth devices [Whitepaper1, p. ]. Audio is routed directly to and from Baseband. Any two Bluetooth devices supporting audio can send and receive audio data between each other just by opening an audio link . Link Manager Protocol (LMP) is responsible for link set-up (authentication and encryption, control, and negotiation of baseband packets) between Bluetooth devices and for power modes and connection states of a Bluetooth unit. Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) takes care of multiplexing, reassembly, and segmentation of packets.Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) is needed when requesting device information, services, and the characteristics of other devices. Devices have to support the same service in order to establish a connection with each other. Cable Replacement Protocol RFCOMM emulates RS-232 signals and can thus be used in applications that were formerly implemented with a serial cable (e. g. , a connection between a laptop computer and a mobile phone). Telephony Protocol Binary (TCS-BIN) defines the call control signaling for the establishment of speech and data call between Bluetooth devices.AT commands provide means for controlling a mobile phone or a modem. Adopted Protocols OBEX (Object Exchange) is adopted from IrDA. It is a session protocol that provides means for simple and spontaneous object and data transfer. It is independent of the transport mechanism an d transport Application Programming Interface (API). TCP/UDP/IP is defined to operate in Bluetooth units allowing them to communicate with other units connected, for instance, to the Internet. The TCP/IP/PPP protocol configuration is used for all Internet Bridge usage scenarios in Bluetooth 1. and for OBEX in future versions. The UDP/IP/PPP configuration is available as transport for WAP. PPP in the Bluetooth technology is designed to run over RFCOMM to accomplish point-to-point connections. PPP is a packet-oriented protocol and must therefore use its serial mechanisms to convert the packet data stream into a serial data stream. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) stack can reside on top of RFCOMM (based on LAN Access Profile) or on top of L2CAP (based on PAN Profile). The latter reduces overhead and is likely to become the preferred solution for WAP over Bluetooth.Wireless Application Environment (WAE) hosts the WAP browser environment. Dial up networking (DUN) profile protocol stack: DUN profile is inside the Serial Port Profile and therefore partly reuses the capabilities of the Serial Port Profile. For the DUN Profile, there are two device configurations (roles): †¢ Gateway (GW) is the device that provides access to the public network (typically mobile phones and modems) †¢ Data terminal (DT) is the device that uses the dial-up services of the gateway (typically PCs) The DUN Profile needs a two-piece protocol stack and an SDP branch.PPP over RFCOMM is needed for transferring payload data. AT commands are delivered over RFCOMM to control the modem (mobile phone). The application on top of the stack is either a driver application on a PC (data terminal) or the modem emulation on a phone (gateway). Bluetooth security: secret key All Bluetooth devices (master and slave) share a secret key in a particular system. This key is used during the authentication and encryption process. This key is not transmitted over the channel but is rather in-built b y the manufacturer. AUTHENTICATIONAuthentication ensures the identity of Bluetooth devices. Authorization is a process of deciding if a device is allowed to have access to a specific service. User interaction may be required unless the remote device has been marked as â€Å"trusted. † Usually the user an set authorization on/off to every remote device separately. Authorization always requires authentication. Authentication in Bluetooth is performed by an encryption engine which uses the SAFER+ algo. This algorithm requires the following: †¢ Number to be encrypted or decrypted †¢ master address †¢ Master clock secret key shared by master and slave. A random number is generated by the encryption engine using various keys. This random number is encrypted by the master using the secret key. This number is also sent to the slave. The encrypted reply of the slave is compared with the master encrypted data. If it is a match then the slave is authentic. BONDING AND PAI RING Pairing is a procedure that authenticates two devices based on a common passkey, thereby creating a trusted relationship between those devices. An arbitrary but identical passkey must be entered on both devices.As long as both devices are paired, the pairing procedure is not required when connecting those devices again (the existing link key is used for authentication). Devices without any input method, like headsets, have fixed passkeys. When two devices are linked with a common link the connection is called as bonding. There are two types of bonding: †¢ Dedicated bonding: Used to create and exchange a link key between two devices. †¢ General bonding: Data over the link is available for higher layers. ENCRYPTION Encryption protects communication against eavesdropping.For example, it ensures that nobody can listen to what a laptop transmits to a phone. Encryption demands the following: †¢ Negotiating encryption mode †¢ Negotiating key sizes-The key size coul d vary from 8 to 128 bits †¢ Starting encryption †¢ Stopping encryption SECURITY LEVELS A trusted device has been previously authenticated, a link key is stored, and the device is marked as â€Å"trusted† in the security database of a device. The device can access Bluetooth services without user acceptance. An untrusted device has been previously authenticated, a link key is stored, but the device is not marked as â€Å"trusted. Access to services requires acceptance of the user. An unknown device means that there is no security information on this device. This is also an untrusted device. Security Level of Services Authorization required: Access is only granted automatically to trusted devices or untrusted devices after an authorization procedure (‘Do you accept connection from remote device? ’). Authentication is always required. Authentication required: The remote device must be authenticated before connecting to the application. Encryption required : The link must be changed to encrypted before accessing the service.It is also possible that a service does not require any of these mechanisms. On the other hand, the application (service) might have its own user authentication mechanisms (a PIN code, for example). APPLICATIONS: 1. Bluetooth in the home will ultimately eliminate most every cable related to consumer electronics (except power). Your PC, scanner, and printer will simply need to be within 10 meters of each other in order to work. Your PDA, digital camera, and MP3 player will no longer need a docking station to transfer files or get the latest tunes (the exception will be to recharge, that power thing again).And, your home stereo and other equipment will join the party too. On the telephone front your cell phone will synchronize its address book with your PC and function as a handset to your cordless phone in the house (answering incoming calls to your home number and calling out on the cheaper land line too). Finally, even though its only 720Kbps, Bluetooth is still pretty fine for broadband internet access since DSL and cable modems are typically throttled to about 384K anyway. Bluetooth access points could well be as ubiquitous as 56K modems in 2 or 3 years. . On the road much of your Bluetooth PAN goes with you. Even when your laptop is in your briefcase and your cell phone is in your pocket they will be able to collaborate to access e-mail. And, next generation cell phones featuring Bluetooth and General Packet Radio (GPR) technology will function as a wireless modems with internet access at 100Kbps+. With such performance it is likely web based e-business will flourish and these devices will become the most prevalent Bluetooth access points.This may well be the Killer App that ensures Bluetooth’s widespread adoption and success. When you are literally on the road your car will join your PAN too. Here your cell phone may operate in a hands free mode using the car audio system and an i n-dash microphone even while comfortably in your pocket. Or you may use a wireless Bluetooth headset instead. And, your MP3 player will likely play music in 8 speaker surround sound, rip music right off of an FM broadcast, or record your phone calls for later review. And all without wires!!!Fixed land line access points (supporting up to 720Kbps) such as a pay phone in the airport terminal or lounge, or the desk phone in your hotel, will provide true broadband access in these strategic locations. Also look for the pay phone to evolve to compete for your cell phone calls too with its low cost land lines. In the world of deregulation and open competition future smart phones may even put your calls out for bid and channel the traffic over the carrier offering the lowest cost! 3. Telephone applications †¢ Hands free use †¢ File synchronization †¢ Calendars †¢ Contact management Land line I/F for voice and data 4. Consumer applications †¢ File transfer †¢ MP 3 †¢ Digital pictures †¢ Peripheral connectivity †¢ Keyboard/mouse/remote †¢ Printer ADVANTAGES: 1. Point to point and point to multiple links 2. Voice and data links 3. Compact form factor 4. Low power 5. Low cost 6. Robust frequency hopping and error correction 7. Profiles ensure application level 8. High level of security through frequency hopping, encryption and authentication 9. Non directional 10. Unlicensed ISM band LIMITATIONS: 1. 8 Devices per piconet with limited extension via scatternet 2.Short range 3. No handover facility 4. Maximum data rate of 723. 2 Kb/s 5. occupies the crowded ISM band 6. Slow connection setup References: †¢ Bluetooth 1. 1 —Jenifer Bray †¢ Wireless Communication -Krishnamurthy †¢ Bluetooth Specifications, Bluetooth SIG at http://www. bluetooth. com †¢ Bluetooth Protocol Architecture v1. 0, Riku Mettala, Bluetooth SIG, August 1999 http://www. bluetooth. org/foundry/sitecontent/document/whitepapers_presen tations †¢ Bluetooth Security Architecture, Thomas Muller, Bluetooth SIG, July 1999 http://www. bluetooth. rg/foundry/sitecontent/document/whitepapers_presentations †¢ Comprehensive Description of the Bluetooth System v0. 9p, Dan Sonnerstam, Bluetooth SIG, May 1998 http://info. nsu. ac. kr/cwb-data/data/ycra2/comprehensive_description_of_the_BT_system. pdf †¢ Bluetooth Technology Overview, version 1. 0, April 2003 http://forum. nokia. com ———————– [pic] Digital Camera Computer Scanner Home Audio System MP3 Player PDA Cell Phone Operational States Master Active Slave Parked Slave* Standby* ON THE ROAD Laptop PDA Cell Phone MP3 Player Headset Hotel Phone & Access Point